Today hotels are amounting to over 300 000 facilities worldwide. But the hotel construct projects are still ongoing. As left picture shows, North America & Caribbean’s 2009 years grow rate is 29.7%, and it indicates 2,862 hotels. Over the past decades, hotels have been increased enormously with quiet revolutions. Although hotels have contributed to the local community by providing jobs and economic benefit, the rate about hotel for environment is often negative. During the revolution, hotels have been impacting on our environment, and caused serious problems: global disorder; resource depletion, pollution, climate change, habitat destruction. The impacts can be considered in two perspectives: Hotel construction base, Hotel operations base. To speak from the view of hotel-construction, Hotels are usually located in nature place, near coast or in the forest. To build hotel, people have been cleared vegetations, changed landscape, damaged our surroundings. Many animals lost their habitats, Heavy-vehicle caused traffic as well as related greenhouse gas emissions like CO2, CH4 and noise problems during carryings materials. Many construction wasteswas produced, contaminated sewage released. It produced trash, caused air pollution. The interior materials (Asbestos, VOCs paints, etc) used hotel release hazardous chemicals in the air, and drive our ecosystem mortal. Besides, Hotel operations also lead possible disturbance impacts. Hotel wastes unsustainable resources, lots of water (toilet, shower, pool, laundry, etc) and energy (light, air-conditioner, elevator, etc), produce trash. These impacts could be smaller, if we design well at first step, means plan step.
Summary # 1
Hotel constructions impact on environment in hotel is extremely intensive and significant. It may lead to disturb, and loss previously unidentified sensitive cultural and historic resources as well as ecosystems. Increasing heavy-vehicle traffic releases traffic related gas CO2, and noise, possible vibrations make animals leave their habitat. During the building renovation, hazardous mortal chemicals are released from building interior materials such as asbestos, lead-based paints, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) paints. Careless works of construction may result in the accidental damage of the existing infrastructure such as electric, phone, TV lines as well as gas. Sewage releasing often happens and pollute water. Many of the impacts related to the construction can be diminished by proper legislation (i.e. a ban on materials containing asbestos and lead- and organic-based paints, 1970’s, currently enforced in many countries), the use of environmentally friendly technology and equipment.
The problems caused by hotels ·Energy waste: electricity (equipment generater), fuel ·Water waste and pollution: sewage(with nitrogen, phosphorus), cleaning ·Air pollution: dust, vehicle emission (CO2, CO, NOx, Sox, CFCs), VOCs material ·Solid waste: construction food waste ·Deforestation: habitat lost, erosion, flooding
Evaluation # 1
This source is created by Paulina Bohdanowicz who is currently Sustainability Manager at UK Hilton. She has examined general environmental management and reported as a hospitality specialist. This source does not have any statistics information, but very organized and general information with her career and theory.
Summary # 2 Hotel operations also impact on environment significantly. Energy/ water/waste management is big issue for hotel. An average-sized hotel purchases more products in a week than 100 families will in a year. They generate as much as 30 pounds of waste per room per day. A single large, fully occupied hotel with a typical stay of two nights can use more than 34,000 gallons just for laundering room linens. Water consumption by Maintenance pool, sewage release also shouldn’t be overlooked. Elevators, lights, air-conditioners are main energy resources in hotel. Waste energy/ water/ waste are waste money. Past conventional hotel operations systems should be revised.
·Energy waste: electricity (refrigerator, TV, air-conditioner, elevator, light, etc), fuel ·Water waste and polution: sewage(with nitrogen, phosphorus), cleaning and laundry chemicals, chlorinated pool water, refrigerator water cooling system ·Air pollution: traffic (CO2, CO, NOx, Sox, CFCs), VOCs material ·Solid waste: food waste, paper, plastic, light bulb office supplies, furnishings
Evaluation # 2
This source is created by James Gilden and published at Chicago tribune, mass media. This source includes some detail and statistic information. So I think this idea is not biased and trustful.
Action
Impact
Mitigation
Land excavation and grading
Destruction of vegetation and landscape. Loss of biodiversity.
Minimizing land excavation. Building around existing land-marks and flora.
Disturbance to and possible loss
of cultural and historic resources.
Proper archaeological study before and during the earth-works. Building on previously occupied sites, with consideration for historical value of demolished buildings.
Air pollution (dust and vehicle emissions).
Proper storage and possible watering of relocated soils, and paved roads. Planting of new vegetation as soon as possible
to stabilize the soil.
Soil, surface and ground water pollution in case of accidental damage of pipes and tanks.
Proper study of the site prior to earth works, including interviews with locals, who often know more than is indicated in plans and maps.
Reduced safety of the on-site workers and locals.
Skilled personnel aware of possible dangers. Prevention of unauthorized individuals accessing the construction site (fences, signs).
Demolition of a previously existing building.
Release of dust, asbestos, emissions from lead- and organic-based paints.
Proper study of the materials used in the construction of the former building. In case of possible asbestos presence skilled experts should perform the demolition and removal of asbestos.
Need for waste landfilling.
Consideration for possible reuse or recycling
of building materials, otherwise proper landfilling.
Reduced safety of the on-site workers and locals.
Skilled personnel aware of possible dangers. Prevention of unauthorized individuals accessing the construction site (fences, signs).
Vehicle traffic and heavy equipment operation.
Excessive use of resources (energy) and associated emissions (impaired air quality). Increased noise levels.
Good quality equipment. Limitation of engines idling. Specific working hours (e.g., 8am to 6pm
on weekdays and 10am to 4pm on weekends)
Reduced safety of the on-site workers and locals.
Skilled personnel aware of possible dangers. Prevention of unauthorized individuals accessing the construction site (fences, signs).
Construction
Ground compaction, building sinking, and induced seismicity. Erosion, landslides and flooding.
Detailed study of the geological characteristics
of the site prior to construction. Adequate construction technology and materials.
Construction, finishing and furnishing
Decreased safety and well being
of occupants due to low quality materials, equipment and furnishings, as well as the work of the construction team.
Construction materials and equipment should
be chosen based on their life-time costs and good quality, not only initial costs (good quality products will last longer and require less maintenance in the future).
Possible moisture in building structure resulting in mold growth, and impaired indoor air quality.
Prevention of moisture inside the building materials (covering the building during construction).
From previous study, we could learn that past conventional hotels impact on our environment. But recently hotel industries realized the fact that the problem is serious, and begin to study and experiments for thinking environment problems and solutions. Many associations and organizations have been established; ICUN (International Union for Conservation of Nature), USGBC (The U.S. Green Building Council), Green Hotel Association, etc. And they started to address the solutions. The first concept is ‘Green hotel’. Green hotels are environmentally-friendly properties whose managers are eager to institute programs that save water, save energy and reduce solid waste and saving money. Being green means that guests, staff and management are healthier, environment is safe. Developed aspect is LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) Platinum ‘Green Hotel’. Developed by the U.S. Green Building Council, LEED provides building owners and operators the tools for innovation design and construction guideline; water savings, energy efficiency, materials selection, indoor environmental quality, and innovation in design. The purposes of LEED-certified buildings are reducing the operating costs, and preserve our natural resources.Well designed hotel can cover fundamentally the environment problems caused by both construction and operations. We can participate in the environment protect activity by using green hotel.
Green hotel operation guideline ·Save energy: ①replace air-conditioners and refrigerants with ozone-friendly, ②installing timers, ③replaced its lamps with energy-saving bulbs. ④Purchase "Energy Star" appliances, ⑤Replace old washing machines with both water and energy conserving models. ·Save water: ①linen (both towels and sheets) reuse program, ②Install low-flow showerheads and sink aerators. ②Use nontoxic or least toxic cleaners, sanitizers, paints, pesticides, etc. ·Trash management: ①recycler baskets for newspaper, white paper, glass, aluminum, cardboard, and plastic. ②Offer quest hair, body care, shampoo at the push button, ③ Provide reusable items such as cloth napkins, glass cups, ceramic dishes, etc. (instead of plastic) , ④Donate leftover food, guest amenities, old furniture and appliances ·Save Air; ① Provide your guests with bicycles, walking maps, and information on public transportation, ②non-smoking room program ③Plant orgarnic vegetable ·Education center: ① Monitor, record and post rates of energy and water use, ② Create an incentive program to encourage your staff to participate in and improve upon environmentally-friendly practices. ③Consult outside sources to evaluate the total system when replacing major mechanical equipment (such as chiller, water tower, etc).
Green hotel construction guideline ·Energy saving : ①The solar energy heats hot water. This heats around 60% of the water for both the hotel and restaurant. To use abundant natural lighting, wide windows are designed. ②Geothermal energy is used for the restaurant’s refrigeration equipment, instead of a standard water-cooled system, saving water/ energy. (Uses 41% less energy than a conventional hotel) ·Water saving : place high-water efficiency Kohler plumbing fixtures, Water usage has been reduced by 33% (Toilet=1.28 gallons/min, Faucet=1gallon/min, Shower=2.0gallons/min, Urinal=No water(use Creepy Sewer Gel)) ·Trash management: Recycleconstruction waste was recycled ·Save air: ①Buy local material,②regional vendors and artists hire for materials to reduce transportation and packaging. ③Use environmentally friendly materials, Low VOC (volatile organic compound) paints, ④Green roof ·Innovation in design: A green roof will be planted on the restaurant to reduce the “urban heat island effect. By insulating the green roof, keeping the building cooler overall (on test).
Summary #1 ‘Green hotel’ is a good solution to protect our environment. Through using byproduct efficiently, Hotel could save energy/ water and cost, reduce trash, and enhance guest service. Thus, there is an enormous need for green hotel practices. By switching to more energy-efficient lighting, the Waldorf-Astoria in New York City has saved 1.2 million kilowatt hours per year. By running water over it, one hotel could reduce water use by 2 million gallons per year.
Evaluation # 1 This source was created by the US government, so I think I can trust the information. There are Green hotel guidelines, very detail information. I think this will be a good source to make environment friendly hotel.
Summary # 2 Well planned hotel construction project can make up environment problems. The Proximity hotel is a good example. In 2007, Proximity Hotel attained LEED Platinum award, which followed building's design and construction guidelines. This hotel could reduce 41% energy consumption, and 33% water usage compare with conventional hotel.
Evaluation # 2 This hotel attained LEED Platinum award, and introduced by lots of media included National Geography Traveler’s, New York Times with Source #2. So I can strongly trust this Material.
The Green Business Program assists and recognizes businesses that operate in an environmentally responsible way.
Since human beings appeared on earth, they started to impact their environment, their habitat. For obtaining proper land to settle down, they cleared vegetation and irrigated farm with chemical fertilizer and hazardous pesticides. The transportation emitted greenhouse gas. As they built cities, their life is getting rich. But, every industry produces the environment problems. The global warming phenomenon, extreme climate occur more often and worse. Now urgent action for solution is required world widely. Besides developing countries, Hawaii also faces to these problems. Hawaii government also started to recognize and address the problems. Associations and organizations thinking of environment are established. New laws and regulations are legislated. They enforced educational programs. ‘Green Business program’ is a partnership between government and business. This program helps businesses to conserve energy, water and other resources and provides opportunities for industry members to share information for conserving, show the guideline. Hawaii’s major top three industries are military, construction, and hospitality. This program focuses on hotel industry. Every year a large number of tourists visit Hawaii. Hawaii Tourism Report prospected this industry produce $ 14.0 billion of economic activities and 241,200 jobs. To attract visitors, prosper the Hawaii economy, resources conservation and concern is necessary. Another approach for concern is ‘Tour de Trash’. In pacific ocean near Hawaii, lots of trash is reported. Hawaii has serious trash problems. Through this program, businesses show their efforts, share tips and strategies for efficient money-saving recycling programs. Go green means saving money, saving environment.
Summary # 1
To solve the environment problems, Hawaii government devised the Green Business Program. This program is a partnership between government and Hawaii business. This program helps businesses to conserve energy, water and other resources and provides valuable opportunities for industry members to share information. The information addresses save money and conserve natural resources. Hotel industry in Hawaii is one of the most important resources. So the Green Business program focuses on Green Hotels. The Green Business Program creates a profitable partnership by reducing waste and utility costs, Improving systems performance, attracting tourists, demonstrate community, provide a safer workplace, motivate and recognize employees' environmental efforts. They promote Hawaii hotels and businesses and simulate the concerning about environment regulation and conservation.
Evaluation # 1
This source 1 is created by Hawaii government(.gov). All the support resources are also created by government. Furthermore, in the web site, and director’s picture was insulted. And in the botton of page, they put the upgrade information. The statistic information is used with source. So I think this source is very trustful and useful.
Summary # 2
The City & County of Honolulu coordinated ‘Tour de Trash’ at Nov 15, America Recycle Day. This tour shows the businesses effort and shares the guideline and strategies for efficient money-saving recycling programs. This tour has four courses; Multi-industry, Hotel and restaurant, Construction and Demolition, Recycling and Waste Processors. Hawaii throughout Oahu makes recycling a business priority. Now Hawaii’s Local laws require businesses to recycle. By Hawaii government and business working together, the partnership for environment increases recycling, reduces waste, makes Hawaii paradise.
Pepsi crushes aluminum cans into 100-pound cubes for recycling
H-POWER waste-to-energy plan, Each year more than 600,000 tons of waste material flows through this facility
Every 10,000 tons of scrap metal recycled by HMR saves more than 2 million cubic feet of landfill space.
Evaluation # 2 This source 2 is also very trustful information made by organization (.org). And support resources also come from organization or government. By insulting the mayor’s name, picture, comment, the author shows more clear evidence.
Outline sources 5.H&MM, hotel world network, Energy Star resources help engage employees, Anna Stark, Nov 9. 2009 6.H&MM hotel world network, 2010 top markets forecast, mark woodworth, Nov 9. 2009
June
*Hotel Impact on Environment*
Part 1 Conventional way
Summary # 1
Hotel constructions impact on environment in hotel is extremely intensive and significant. It may lead to disturb, and loss previously unidentified sensitive cultural and historic resources as well as ecosystems. Increasing heavy-vehicle traffic releases traffic related gas CO2, and noise, possible vibrations make animals leave their habitat. During the building renovation, hazardous mortal chemicals are released from building interior materials such as asbestos, lead-based paints, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) paints. Careless works of construction may result in the accidental damage of the existing infrastructure such as electric, phone, TV lines as well as gas. Sewage releasing often happens and pollute water. Many of the impacts related to the construction can be diminished by proper legislation (i.e. a ban on materials containing asbestos and lead- and organic-based paints, 1970’s, currently enforced in many countries), the use of environmentally friendly technology and equipment.
The problems caused by hotels
· Energy waste: electricity (equipment generater), fuel
· Water waste and pollution: sewage(with nitrogen, phosphorus), cleaning
· Air pollution: dust, vehicle emission (CO2, CO, NOx, Sox, CFCs), VOCs material
· Solid waste: construction food waste
· Deforestation: habitat lost, erosion, flooding
Evaluation # 1
This source is created by Paulina Bohdanowicz who is currently Sustainability Manager at UK Hilton. She has examined general environmental management and reported as a hospitality specialist. This source does not have any statistics information, but very organized and general information with her career and theory.
Summary # 2
Hotel operations also impact on environment significantly. Energy/ water/waste management is big issue for hotel. An average-sized hotel purchases more products in a week than 100 families will in a year. They generate as much as 30 pounds of waste per room per day. A single large, fully occupied hotel with a typical stay of two nights can use more than 34,000 gallons just for laundering room linens. Water consumption by Maintenance pool, sewage release also shouldn’t be overlooked. Elevators, lights, air-conditioners are main energy resources in hotel. Waste energy/ water/ waste are waste money. Past conventional hotel operations systems should be revised.
· Energy waste: electricity (refrigerator, TV, air-conditioner, elevator, light, etc), fuel
· Water waste and polution: sewage(with nitrogen, phosphorus), cleaning and laundry chemicals, chlorinated pool water, refrigerator water cooling system
· Air pollution: traffic (CO2, CO, NOx, Sox, CFCs), VOCs material
· Solid waste: food waste, paper, plastic, light bulb office supplies, furnishings
Evaluation # 2
This source is created by James Gilden and published at Chicago tribune, mass media. This source includes some detail and statistic information. So I think this idea is not biased and trustful.
Building around existing land-marks and flora.
of cultural and historic resources.
Building on previously occupied sites, with consideration for historical value of demolished buildings.
Planting of new vegetation as soon as possible
to stabilize the soil.
Prevention of unauthorized individuals accessing the construction site (fences, signs).
In case of possible asbestos presence skilled experts should perform the demolition and removal of asbestos.
of building materials, otherwise proper landfilling.
Prevention of unauthorized individuals accessing the construction site (fences, signs).
Increased noise levels.
Limitation of engines idling.
Specific working hours (e.g., 8am to 6pm
on weekdays and 10am to 4pm on weekends)
Prevention of unauthorized individuals accessing the construction site (fences, signs).
Erosion, landslides and flooding.
of the site prior to construction.
Adequate construction technology and materials.
of occupants due to low quality materials, equipment and furnishings, as well as the work of the construction team.
be chosen based on their life-time costs and good quality, not only initial costs (good quality products will last longer and require less maintenance in the future).
Part 1 Source
1. Green the Hotels, International Hotel Environmental Initiative,
Paulina Bohdanowicz, http://www.greenthehotels.com/eng/handenv.htm, 2002
2. Chicagotribune, The State of 'Green' Hotels, James Gilden, http://www.chicagotribune.com/travel/chi-1216insiderdec16,0,1161194.story, Dec 16, 2007
3. Ecospecifier, Materials Impact in Construction, Anonymity
http://www.ecospecifier.org/knowledge_base/solution_finder/materials_impacts_in_construction
4.Natural Building Technology, Environmental Impact, Anonymity, http://www.natural-building.co.uk/environmental_impact.html, 2009
5. Woods and Woods,LLP, Mesothelioma, Indiana Mesothelioma Attorneys
http://www.woodslawyers.com/mesothelioma.php, 2006
6. InspectAPedia, Indoor VOC's - a Building Occupant's Guide to Indoor Air Quality, Daniel Friedman, http://www.inspect-ny.com/BestPractices/VOC_Guide.htm, 04/27/2009
8. Great Lakes Regional Pollution Prevention Roundtable , Illinois: Construction and Demolition Debris, Anonymity , http://www.epa.state.il.us/small-business/construction-debris/, Not Available
Part 2 Alternative way
Developed aspect is LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) Platinum ‘Green Hotel’. Developed by the U.S. Green Building Council, LEED provides building owners and operators the tools for innovation design and construction guideline; water savings, energy efficiency, materials selection, indoor environmental quality, and innovation in design. The purposes of LEED-certified buildings are reducing the operating costs, and preserve our natural resources. Well designed hotel can cover fundamentally the environment problems caused by both construction and operations. We can participate in the environment protect activity by using green hotel.
Green hotel operation guideline
· Save energy: ①replace air-conditioners and refrigerants with ozone-friendly, ②installing timers, ③replaced its lamps with energy-saving bulbs. ④Purchase "Energy Star" appliances, ⑤Replace old washing machines with both water and energy conserving models.
· Save water: ①linen (both towels and sheets) reuse program, ②Install low-flow showerheads and sink aerators. ②Use nontoxic or least toxic cleaners, sanitizers, paints, pesticides, etc.
· Trash management: ①recycler baskets for newspaper, white paper, glass, aluminum, cardboard, and plastic. ②Offer quest hair, body care, shampoo at the push button, ③ Provide reusable items such as cloth napkins, glass cups, ceramic dishes, etc. (instead of plastic) , ④Donate leftover food, guest amenities, old furniture and appliances
· Save Air; ① Provide your guests with bicycles, walking maps, and information on public transportation, ②non-smoking room program ③Plant orgarnic vegetable
· Education center: ① Monitor, record and post rates of energy and water use, ② Create an incentive program to encourage your staff to participate in and improve upon environmentally-friendly practices. ③Consult outside sources to evaluate the total system when replacing major mechanical equipment (such as chiller, water tower, etc).
Green hotel construction guideline
· Energy saving : ①The solar energy heats hot water. This heats around 60% of the water for both the hotel and restaurant. To use abundant natural lighting, wide windows are designed. ② Geothermal energy is used for the restaurant’s refrigeration equipment, instead of a standard water-cooled system, saving water/ energy. (Uses 41% less energy than a conventional hotel)
· Water saving : place high-water efficiency Kohler plumbing fixtures, Water usage has been reduced by 33% (Toilet=1.28 gallons/min, Faucet=1gallon/min, Shower=2.0gallons/min, Urinal=No water(use Creepy Sewer Gel))
· Trash management: Recycle construction waste was recycled
· Save air: ①Buy local material, ②regional vendors and artists hire for materials to reduce transportation and packaging. ③Use environmentally friendly materials, Low VOC (volatile organic compound) paints, ④Green roof
· Innovation in design: A green roof will be planted on the restaurant to reduce the “urban heat island effect. By insulating the green roof, keeping the building cooler overall (on test).
Summary # 1
‘Green hotel’ is a good solution to protect our environment. Through using byproduct efficiently, Hotel could save energy/ water and cost, reduce trash, and enhance guest service. Thus, there is an enormous need for green hotel practices. By switching to more energy-efficient lighting, the Waldorf-Astoria in New York City has saved 1.2 million kilowatt hours per year. By running water over it, one hotel could reduce water use by 2 million gallons per year.
Evaluation # 1
This source was created by the US government, so I think I can trust the information. There are Green hotel guidelines, very detail information. I think this will be a good source to make environment friendly hotel.
Summary # 2
Well planned hotel construction project can make up environment problems. The Proximity hotel is a good example. In 2007, Proximity Hotel attained LEED Platinum award, which followed building's design and construction guidelines. This hotel could reduce 41% energy consumption, and 33% water usage compare with conventional hotel.
Evaluation # 2
This hotel attained LEED Platinum award, and introduced by lots of media included National Geography Traveler’s, New York Times with Source #2. So I can strongly trust this Material.
Green Hotel construction design
Part 2 Source
1. Green hotel association, What are green hotels? Anonymity, http://greenhotels.com/index.php
2. Proximityhotel, Sustainable “Green” Hotel Practices, Anonymity, http://www.proximityhotel.com/green.htm, 2008
3. Global stewards, Sustainable Solutions for Green Hotels, http://www.globalstewards.org/hotel.htm 4. Charity Guide, Choose a “Green Hotel” Whenever You Travel, Deborah Mitchell, http://charityguide.org/volunteer/fifteen/green-hotels.htm?gclid=CJiyn978w54CFR4HagodGBrVpw, 2005
4. Environment design construction, Adding Green to an existing, Megan Rector, http://www.edcmag.com/Articles/Feature_Article/dddd573d4ec6b010VgnVCM100000f932a8c0, May 1, 2006
5. Ecospecifier, Materials Impact in Construction , Anonymity, http://www.ecospecifier.org/knowledge_base/solution_finder/materials_impacts_in_construction , no info
6.Proximity hotel, National Coverage & Award, Anonymity, http://www.proximityhotel.com/media.htm, Jun 2008
Part 3 Situation in Hawaii
Part 3 Situation in Hawaii
Summary # 1
To solve the environment problems, Hawaii government devised the Green Business Program. This program is a partnership between government and Hawaii business. This program helps businesses to conserve energy, water and other resources and provides valuable opportunities for industry members to share information. The information addresses save money and conserve natural resources. Hotel industry in Hawaii is one of the most important resources. So the Green Business program focuses on Green Hotels. The Green Business Program creates a profitable partnership by reducing waste and utility costs, Improving systems performance, attracting tourists, demonstrate community, provide a safer workplace, motivate and recognize employees' environmental efforts. They promote Hawaii hotels and businesses and simulate the concerning about environment regulation and conservation.
Evaluation # 1
This source 1 is created by Hawaii government(.gov). All the support resources are also created by government. Furthermore, in the web site, and director’s picture was insulted. And in the botton of page, they put the upgrade information. The statistic information is used with source. So I think this source is very trustful and useful.
Summary # 2
The City & County of Honolulu coordinated ‘Tour de Trash’ at Nov 15, America Recycle Day. This tour shows the businesses effort and shares the guideline and strategies for efficient money-saving recycling programs. This tour has four courses; Multi-industry, Hotel and restaurant, Construction and Demolition, Recycling and Waste Processors. Hawaii throughout Oahu makes recycling a business priority. Now Hawaii’s Local laws require businesses to recycle. By Hawaii government and business working together, the partnership for environment increases recycling, reduces waste, makes Hawaii paradise.
Evaluation # 2
This source 2 is also very trustful information made by organization (.org). And support resources also come from organization or government. By insulting the mayor’s name, picture, comment, the author shows more clear evidence.
Sources
1. State of Hawaii, Green business program, Anonymity, http://hawaii.gov/dbedt/info/energy/resource/greenbusiness, July 14. 2009
2. Shell Vacations Hospitality, Paniolo Greens living up to its name with new solar-powered system , Anonymity, http://www.shellhospitality.com/green.html, No mark
3. Honolulu ENV, waste line, Suzanne Jones , http://www.opala.org/solid_waste/news/WL_Archive/10_00.html, No mark
4. Honolulu ENV, The green channel, Olapa vision, http://www.opala.org/solid_waste/, 2005
Outline sources
5. H&MM, hotel world network, Energy Star resources help engage employees, Anna Stark, Nov 9. 2009
6. H&MM hotel world network, 2010 top markets forecast, mark woodworth, Nov 9. 2009